天津郊区农田降雨径流重金属的污染特征及来源分析

降雨条件下形成的农田径流是土壤与水体间物质交换的一种重要形式,是农业非点源污染的重要组成部分.2007-2008年,在强降雨条件下,定点采集了天津市郊农田降雨径流样品64个,并对其重金属含量进行了分析测定.结果显示:研究区农田降雨径流中Cr、Ni、Cd、Zn等4项重金属含量服从对数正态分布,Cu、As、Pb为偏态分布....     

Simulation Study of the Impact of Permanent Groundcover on Soil and Water Changes in Jujube Orchards on Sloping Ground

Land degradation is recognized as a major environmental problem in rainfed fruit orchards on the Chinese Loess Plateau. Six treatments were used to investigate surface runoff and soil moisture by means of simulated rainfall experiments: (i) a control (clean cultivation) (CC); (ii) strip cock's foot (Dactylis glomerata L.) cover (SCF); (iii) strip crown vetch (Coronilla varia L.) cover (SCV); (iv) strip bird's foot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.) cover (SBF); (v) strip white clover (Trifolium repens L.) cover (SWC); and (vi) complete white clover cover (WCC). The time to runoff was significantly longer under WCC than under other treatments (p < 0·05). The total runoff volume and sediment yield were significantly greater under CC than under the vegetation cover treatments (p < 0·05). The mean infiltration rate under WCC and CC was the largest and lowest and differed significantly from that under other treatments (p < 0·05). The change of soil water storage was the largest under WCC and the least under CC. The soil moisture was significantly greater under SCF than under other treatments (p < 0·05). Treatment SCF seemed to be the best groundcover for rainfed sloping jujube orchards on the Chinese Loess Plateau. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Amending Soil with Sludge,Manure, Humic Acid,Orthophosphate and Phytic Acid: Effects on Infiltration,Runoff and Sediment Loss

Application of organic wastes to cultivated lands can replace mineral fertilizers but may also alter soil physical properties and enhance pollution potential. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of biosolids [composted manure (MC) and activated sludge (AS)] and specific biosolid component [orthophosphate (OP), phytic acid (PA) and humic acid (HA)] application on soils differing in texture [loamy‐sand (Ramat‐HaKovesh, RH), loam (Gilat, GL) and clay (Bet‐Dagan, BD)], infiltration rate, runoff volume and soil sediment loss. The soils were packed in erosion boxes (400 × 200 × 40 mm) and subjected to six consecutive simulated rainstorms, each of 186 mm deionized water. The results showed that runoff volume and sediment loss from untreated soils increased with increasing clay contents. In treated soils, the response to AS application differed from the response to other amendments; in the BD clay and GL loam, it was the only amendment that caused a decrease in sediment removed by runoff. In the RH loamy‐sand, all amendments reduced the final infiltration rate, but only AS and HA increased the measured runoff. It is proposed that the difference in the response of the soils to the amendments is associated with the soil's ability to attenuate changes in the negative charge on the clay edges following the increase in the specific adsorption of charged anions, thus controlling clay swelling and maintaining aggregate integrity. The effects of amending soils with a source of organic matter in order to control runoff and soil erosion are not straight forward and depend on soil and amendment properties. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

黄土丘陵区不同降雨强度对农地土壤侵蚀的影响

采用人工模拟降雨的方法，对仪器自身性能进行了测试，并分设5种不同的降雨强度分别研究半干旱区林地、草地、人工草地和耕地的产流产沙特征。模拟天然降雨最大雨强5．05mm／min，雨量118．2～300．3mm／h；雨滴落地速度、雨滴动能等降雨特征值与天然降雨特征值是一致的；不同立地条件下径流量、侵蚀模数随雨强的增加而增加，并与降雨强度呈指数函数或幂函数关系。     

水土保持对偏关河径流和泥沙的影响分析

 偏关河流域水土保持面积从1959年的1万1593hm2增加到1996年的5万5338hm2,占流域面积的28.90%。年径流量、常水径流量与年份和各类水土保持措施之间,均呈极显著负相关,年径流量与年降水量、汛期降水量和有效降水量,均呈显著正相关,而常水流量与年降水量、汛期降水量和有效降水量关系很弱;偏关河流域小型蒸发器测定的蒸发量与年份呈显著负相关,但径流和泥沙变化并没有增加,说明水土保持是引起径流量和泥沙量变化的主要原因。洪水径流量、年输沙量和洪水输沙量变化一致,与年降水量、汛期降水量和有效降水量均呈显著正相关,而与水土保持措施面积呈不显著的负相关。     

近549年来黄河天然径流量时间变化特征研究

天然径流量是流域气候及下垫面综合作用的结果，同时是流域水资源分配的重要依据。深入探究长时间序列年径流量时间变化特征对流域水资源调控以及水资源可持续利用意义重大。基于黄河1470—2018年长时间序列天然径流量数据，综合采用EMD经验模态分解法、滑动平均法以及距平累积法揭示黄河549年间天然径流量的年际变化与周期变化特征。结果表明，黄河年天然径流量变化过程具有显著的随机特征，随年份不同呈现波动性变化，5%及95%频率的年天然径流量分别为337.0亿m³和681.0亿m³。采用距平累积法可将黄河近549年天然径流序列以1825年为界分为2个时期；黄河年天然径流量以2.8年变化周期最为显著，其次为23.8年、47.3年、5.6年、11.3年周期规律，出现该周期性规律主要是由于太阳黑子活动、厄尔尼诺现象以及地极移动振幅变化因子的影响。     

人工降雨条件下多层渗滤介质系统产流与入渗规律试验研究

透水性铺装地面是雨水利用的重要措施之一。该文通过建立透水砖铺装地面物理模型，采用3种透水砖铺装形式(垫层由不同厚度的无砂混凝土、碎石、中砂组合而成)和1种不透水砖铺装(对照)，研究不同垫层结构的透水砖铺装地面在降雨条件下的产流与入渗规律。结果表明：3种透水砖铺装地面系统对地面产流均具有明显的削减作用；在模拟降雨强度为59.36 mm/h的情况下(相当6年1遇1h降雨量)，无砂混凝土10 cm和石子15 cm垫层结构的入渗效果最优，此时无地面产流，其径流系数比不透水性铺装对照处理减小85%。     

坡面产流机制研究刍议

随着水文学的发展,坡面产流问题越来越受到水文学领域的重视。对坡面产流机制(这里的坡面产流包括地表径流产流和壤中流产流两个部分)的研究现状详细进行了回顾与分析,并提出了目前产流机制所面临的问题,以期推动降雨产流计算方法和流域水文模型机构的发展。     

Soil management for Alfisols in the semiarid tropics: erosion, enrichment ratios and runoff

Abstract. Continuous cultivation of soils of the semiarid tropics has led to significant land degradation. Soil erosion and nutrient loss caused by high runoff volumes have reduced crop yields and contributed to offsite damage. We compared a number of soil management practices (tillage, mulch and perennial/annual rotational based systems) for their potential to improve crop production and land resource protection in an Alfisol of the semiarid tropics of India. Runoff and soil erosion were monitored and surface soil and sediment were analysed for nitrogen and carbon to determine enrichment ratios. Amelioration of soils with organic additions (farmyard manure, rice straw) or rotating perennial pasture with annual crops increased soil carbon and nitrogen contents and reduced runoff, soil erosion and nutrient loss. Soil erosion totalled less than 7 t ha^–1, but enrichment ratios were often greater than 2 resulting in up to 27 kg N ha^–1 and 178 kg C ha^–1 being lost in sediment. Up to an extra 250 mm of water per year infiltrated the soil with organic additions and was available for crop water use or percolation to groundwater. The results show that there are good opportunities for reducing degradation and increasing productivity on farms.     

太行山小流域降雨—径流关系及其过程的研究

观测了水源区的太行山小流域径流及降雨过程 ,分析了径流与降雨的关系。结果表明 ,流域降雨季节性变化很大 ,主要集中于 6～ 9月 ,总量达 3 89.2 mm ,占 86.5 % ,11月到翌年 5月仅 60 .75 mm。在旱季 ,流域径流量逐渐下降 ,11月到翌年 5月底减少 0 .0 0 2 3 m3/ s,此期降雨次数和量较少 ,径流量持续下降 ,11月至翌年 3月由于植物叶片枯落 ,浅层土壤水经长时间蒸发后对深层裂隙水无明显影响 ,径流量较稳定 ,进入生长季后 ,流量近至枯竭。雨季降雨是流域径流的主要来源 ,当降雨量小于 5 0 mm时 ,降雨对径流的影响很小。连续暴雨使径流迅速形成洪峰 ,在平均雨强达到 2 8.91mm / h后 ,4 h径流量达最大值 0 .90 5 m3/ s,此期径流量与累积降雨量呈极显著的线性正相关。但洪峰仅持续 1～ 2 h,后期 5 7.3 m m的降雨量并未再次引起洪峰。